Influence of group size and neonatal handling on growth rates, survival, and tameness of juvenile houbara bustards
Publication Type: |
Journal Article |
Year of Publication: |
2001 |
Authors: |
Yolanda van Heezik, Philip J. Seddon |
Publication/Journal: |
Zoo Biology |
Publisher: |
Inc., John Wiley & Sons |
Keywords: |
captive propagation, chlamydotis [undulata] macqueenii, environmental enrichment, growth-rates, hand rearing |
ISBN: |
1098-2361 |
Abstract:
Abstract 10.1002/zoo.1040.abs The influence of group size, sex, year, and environmental enrichment on growth of a large sample of captive-bred houbara bustards was examined, as well as the influence of regular handling on survival. Growth rates of chicks kept in groups of eight were depressed compared with chicks in groups of five. Differences in growth rates between males and females were not significant at fledging (∼35 days), but were so by 80 days, although interindividual variation still precluded reliable sexing by body mass at this age. Growth rates varied between years, suggesting that management practices may affect growth, and potentially the reproductive performance of birds. Survival of birds receiving extra handling, mainly in the form of regular weighing, was significantly higher than that of birds receiving little handling. The effect of environmental enrichment on tameness was also assessed. Tameness is desirable in the captive flock, where stress is perceived as a major impediment to reproductive performance, preventing the successful collection of semen from males and insemination of females, delaying recruitment, and causing nonbreeding among both sexes. Extra handling and environmental enrichment was applied to a sample of chicks, and tameness of juveniles was assessed in a variety of ways (open field test, subjective assessments), but no significant difference was found between the enriched birds and a control group. The enrichment protocol might be improved by increasing the period of time during which birds were handled and associating handling with food rewards, although the time required to carry out such a protocol may be constrained when large numbers of chicks are produced. Zoo Biol 20:423–433, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.