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Modelling the emergence and stability of a vertically transmitted cultural trait in bottlenose dolphins
An apparently vertically, socially transmitted foraging specialization (‘sponging’) in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) is observed in two adjacent gulfs within Shark Bay, Western Australia, where sponging has possibly spread from independent innovations. We designed an individual-based model based on empirical data, to investigate the conditions (of learning fidelity and fitness benefits for spongers) under which […]
Dietary Flexibility of the Brown Howler Monkey Throughout Its Geographic Distribution
Habitat loss and fragmentation constrain the survival of most forest-living mammals, particularly strictly arboreal primates. Because fragment size directly affects food availability, primate survival in small fragments may depend on dietary flexibility. Here, we review the literature on the diet of 29 wild groups of Alouatta guariba clamitans inhabiting forest fragments in Brazil and Argentina. […]
Putting the Spotlight on Internally Displaced Animals (IDAs): A Survey of Primate Sanctuaries in Africa, Asia, and the Americas
As anthropogenic activity makes deeper incursions into forests, fragmenting habitat, wildlife is forced into closer proximity to humans leading to increased incidences of human–wildlife conflict and wildlife displacement. These same incursions facilitate poaching for the commercial trade in dead and live animals. As a direct result, the number of sanctuaries and internally displaced animals (IDAs) […]
Reproductive Ecology of Female Chimpanzees
An important adaptive problem for mammals in general, and primates in particular, is how females can manage the high costs of reproduction in the face of fluctuating energetic supplies. For many species, the best solution is to breed seasonally such that high costs are temporally coincident with predictable periods of resource abundance. This is an […]
Social learning and spread of alternative means of opening an artificial fruit in four groups of vervet monkeys
Two-action experiments, in which observer individuals watch models use one of two alternative methods to achieve the same goal, have become recognized as a powerful method for studying social learning. We applied this approach to vervet monkeys, Chlorocebus aethiops, using an artificial fruit (‘vervetable’) which could be opened by either lifting a door panel on […]
Adaptive management of body mass by Siberian jays
A profusion of theoretical and empirical studies has successfully explored the issue of adaptive management of body mass by small birds threatened with both starvation and predation. In addition to diurnal body mass cycles, body mass tends to increase with either poorer mean conditions or more variable conditions, such as those often experienced during winter. […]
Biology, behavior, and environmental enrichment for the captive African clawed frog (Xenopus spp)
Xenopus are a hardy, long-lived, aquatic amphibian species which readily adapt to a captive environment. This characteristic makes Xenopus ideal for the laboratory, where they are used extensively in basic and biomedical research. Though husbandry practices for Xenopus have not been standardized, there is burgeoning evidence that environmental enrichment can limit fighting, cannibalism, and can […]
A Survey of Husbandry Practices for Lorisid Primates in North American Zoos and Related Facilities
Zoos and related facilities in North America currently manage five species in the primate family Lorisidae: the greater (Nycticebus coucang), Bengal (N. bengalensis) and pygmy (N. pygmaeus) slow lorises, red slender loris (Loris tardigradus), and potto (Perodicticus potto). We used an online survey to describe institutional housing and husbandry practices for these species and assess […]
Notes on the Husbandry and Long-Term Transportation of Bull Ray (Pteromylaeus bovinus) and Dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus and Coryphaena equiselis)
Bull rays (Pteromylaeus bovinus) and Dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus and Coryphaena equiselis) were collected in Olhão (south of Portugal). These animals hosted multiple parasites, namely Caligus spp., and underwent a variety of treatments to remove them. Of all treatments tested, hydrogen peroxide showed the best results, although only concentrations above 100 ppm were effective in parasite […]
Use of Ultrasonography and Contrast Radiography for Snake Gender Determination
The purpose of this paper is to characterize the sonographic and radiographic features of hemipenes in male snakes and to use these features for gender determination. The sonographic and radiographic examination of 17male and 10 female snakes, whose gender was determined previously by probing, were evaluated by one examiner who was unaware of the gender. […]