Emotion Evaluation and Response Slowing in a Non-Human Primate: New Directions for Cognitive Bias Measures of Animal Emotion?
Publication Type: |
Journal Article |
Year of Publication: |
2016 |
Authors: |
E. J. Bethell, A. Holmes, A. MacLarnon, S. Semple |
Publication/Journal: |
Behavioral Sciences |
Keywords: |
*cognitive bias, animal welfare, anxiety, appraisal theory, attention bias, attentional bias, decision-making, emotion evaluation, emotional stroop, faces, facial expressions, freeze, monkeys, multidisciplinary, primate, psychology, response slowing, rhesus macaque, rhesus macaques, social attention, threat cues, welfare |
ISBN: |
2076-328X |
Abstract:
The cognitive bias model of animal welfare assessment is informed by studies with humans demonstrating that the interaction between emotion and cognition can be detected using laboratory tasks. A limitation of cognitive bias tasks is the amount of training required by animals prior to testing. A potential solution is to use biologically relevant stimuli that trigger innate emotional responses. Here; we develop a new method to assess emotion in rhesus macaques; informed by paradigms used with humans: emotional Stroop; visual cueing and; in particular; response slowing. In humans; performance on a simple cognitive task can become impaired when emotional distractor content is displayed. Importantly; responses become slower in anxious individuals in the presence of mild threat; a pattern not seen in non-anxious individuals; who are able to effectively process and disengage from the distractor. Here; we present a proof-of-concept study; demonstrating that rhesus macaques show slowing of responses in a simple touch-screen task when emotional content is introduced; but only when they had recently experienced a presumably stressful veterinary inspection. Our results indicate the presence of a subtle “cognitive freeze” response; the measurement of which may provide a means of identifying negative shifts in emotion in animals.