Aspergillosis is a rare disease in free-living penguins with little impact on the
reproductive colonies of these animals, corresponding to a mortality rate about 3%.
However, this disease shows a very different role when related to captive seabirds. In captivity, aspergillosis has been described in a great variety of penguin species and associated with stress, change in habitat, handling, injury or other concomitant diseases which promote a high susceptibility to primary infection with Aspergillus