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Flat-tailed horned lizards (Phrynosoma mcallii): Population size estimation, effects of off-highway vehicles, and natural history
Considerable conservation concern and controversy has developed over the status and management of the flat-tailed horned lizard (Phrynosoma mcallii), a rare, difficult-to-detect species with a limited distribution. Monitoring the abundance of this species, as well as investigating factors that may be affecting demographic parameters, has proven problematic. A current conservation concern is the increasing use […]
Reptile envenomation 20-year mortality as reported by US medical examiners.
OBJECTIVES: Accurate reptile envenomation reptile envenomation mortality data for the United States is unavailable. Using data from the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS), deaths from 1979 through 1998 were analyzed. METHODS: Records of deaths from reptile envenomation were selected using matches to code E905.0 of the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision. Data for the […]
Effects of environmental stressors on deep body temperature and activity levels in silver fox vixens (Vulpes vulpes)
The present study was performed to investigate the effects of 14 different environmental stimuli on stress-induced hyperthermia (SIH). and levels of locomotor activity in six (three infanticidal, three non-infanticidal. 2.5-year-old silver fox vixens. The effects of contact with humans) six experiments; handling for 5 min, handling of neighbouring animal for 5 min, presence of one […]
Agonistic Behavior in Freshwater Crayfish The Influence of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors on Aggressive Encounters and Dominance
Fighting success and dominance in crayfish depends on a variety of extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Most intrinsic factors studied to date are related to the physical size of the crayfish. Larger crayfish or those with larger chelae often have advantages in agonistic interactions. Age, sex, and reproductive status can influence the physical size of the […]
The eyes of oilbirds ( Steatornis caripensis ): pushing at the limits of sensitivity
An extreme example of a low light-level lifestyle among flying birds is provided by the oilbird, Steatornis caripensis (Steatornithidae, Caprimulgiformes). Oilbirds breed and roost in caves, often at sufficient depth that no daylight can penetrate, and forage for fruits at night. Using standard microscopy techniques we investigated the retinal structure of oilbird eyes and used […]
Noise in the Animal Shelter Environment: Building Design and the Effects of Daily Noise Exposure
Sound levels in animal shelters regularly exceed 100 dB. Noise is a physical stressor on animals that can lead to behavioral, physiological, and anatomical responses. There are currently no policies regulating noise levels in dog kennels. The objective of this study was to evaluate the noise levels dogs are exposed to in an animal shelter […]
Stress and welfare: Two complementary concepts that are intrinsically related to the animal’s point of view
The closely associated concepts of welfare and stress may be considered as opposites since welfare cannot be achieved under stress and vice versa. Stress was first considered as an unspecific response to any challenge taxing the organism’s resources where the HPA axis plays a central role [Selye H. A syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents. […]
Providing cross-species comparisons of animal welfare with a scientific basis
Animal welfare issues may involve different species and require decision-makers to compare welfare across species. Up to now applied ethologists have largely ignored questions involving cross-species comparisons. This paper discusses the question whether cross-species comparisons about animal welfare can be provided with a scientific basis, i.e., based on scientific arguments. The arguments pro and contra […]
Can farm animal welfare be understood without taking into account the issues of emotion and cognition?
Although the concept of welfare makes reference to feelings of individual animals, the exact nature of these feelings and their relationship to emotions and cognitive abilities of the animals under consideration are never detailed. Based on the concepts of stress and coping, an extensive list of indicators of physical health, production, behavior, and physiology has […]
A safer method for studying hormone metabolism in an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus): accelerator mass spectrometry
Abstract Noninvasive hormone assays provide a way to determine an animal’s health or reproductive status without the need for physical or chemical restraint, both of which create unnecessary stress for the animal, and can potentially alter the hormones being measured. Because hormone metabolism is highly species-specific, each assay must be validated for use in the […]