Effects of reproductive condition and dominance rank on cortisol responsiveness to stress in free-ranging female rhesus macaques

The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis modulates individuals’ physiological responses to social stress, which is an inevitable aspect of the daily lives of group-living animals. Previous nonhuman primate studies have reported that sex, age, rank, and reproductive condition influence cortisol levels under stressful conditions. In this study we investigated cortisol responses to stress among 70 multiparous, free-ranging […]