Captive husbandry and bioenergetics of the spiny butterfly ray, Gymnura altavela (Linnaeus)
Abstract 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1996)15:23.3.CO;2-N Historically, gymnurid rays have not done well in a captive environment. This report describes success in maintaining two specimens of the spiny butterfly ray, Gymnura altavela, in captivity. An aggressive husbandry protocol of tube feeding and force feeding maintained energy levels until the rays began to feed on their own. The rays used […]
Tonic immobility in 12 elasmobranchs: Use as an aid in captive husbandry
Abstract 10.1002/zoo.1430130406.abs Tonic immobility (TI), also known as animal hypnosis, has been observed in a wide variety of taxa and reported in all vertebrate classes with the exception of Agnatha. To date, TI has been reported in six species of elasmobranchs. Preliminary results are presented here for five species of galeomorph sharks, one species of […]