Dense, small and male-biased cages exacerbate male–male competition and reduce female choosiness in Bicyclus anynana

Sexual selection is increasingly recognized to depend upon, and to fluctuate with, major ecological factors in natural environments. The operational sex ratio (OSR) and population density can affect the opportunity for, and strength of, sexual selection but their effects are rarely taken into account in laboratory behavioural studies. In Bicyclus anynana, a model butterfly for […]