The effect of the functional attributes of objects within the caged environment on interaction time in laboratory rats
Determining rat preferences for, and behaviour towards, environmental enrichment objects allows us to provide evidence-based information about how the caged environment may be enriched. In recent years there have been many studies investigating the preferences of laboratory rodents for a wide variety of environmental enrichment objects and materials. While these have provided important information regarding […]
Animal welfare with and without consciousness
Despite recent advances in understanding brain function, consciousness – specifically, how the brain gives rise to conscious experiences – remains the hard problem.’ In humans, there are often multiple routes to the same actions, some of them involving conscious experience, others not. Furthermore, differences in brain circuitry make analogies between humans and other animals more […]