Heart rate and behavior are regulated independently of corticosterone following diverse acute stressors

Captive European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) were subjected to five acute stressors: a visual stressor (strobe light), an auditory stressor (music), and disturbance by three different humans; their accustomed caretaker, an antagonist (the experimenter), and a novel human. Heart rate (HR), behavioral, and corticosterone (CORT) responses to each stressor were simultaneously recorded. The visual stressor elicited […]