Behavioral indices of estrus in a group of captive African elephants (Loxodonta africana)

Abstract 10.1002/zoo.20053.abs This study investigated behavioral signals of estrus by systematically monitoring the interactions of one male with four female African elephants housed in a naturalistic outdoor enclosure at Disney’s Animal Kingdom over a period of 11 months. We measured changes in five spatial behaviors and 22 tactile-contact behaviors, as well as changes in serum […]