Plasma electrolyte concentrations in captive and free-ranging African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) maintained with and without dietary salt supplements

Abstract 10.1002/zoo.20026.abs African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) are common display animals in North American zoos and aquariums. At present, 43 American Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA)-accredited institutions maintain over 700 of these birds. A survey of facilities found that only seven institutions maintain their birds in “saltwater habitats” (natural, brine, or artificial seawater systems), while the […]